In this edition of American Nomad Traveler, we’re going back in time to circa 1765 in North Carolina’s Lower Cape Fear Region—a time of unrest, turmoil, and outcries for liberty against the despised Stamp Act of 1765.
Whoever thinks history is boring certainly wasn’t in Wilmington in 1765. The Cape Fear Region was ground zero for one of the most vital Stamp Act resistances in all the Colonies. We’re talking passionate protests, intense debates, intrigue, and drama that could easily rival any HBO saga.
I know what you’re thinking: What could possibly be exciting about the Stamp Act? It’s taxing to even think about it! Today, filing taxes is tedious, but at least we know where the money goes—roads, parks, the military. And if we don’t like it, we can email our elected officials to complain.
That wasn’t the case in 1765. Colonists had no direct representation in Parliament. As a right of British citizenship, you were not supposed to be taxed directly without representation. For years, given the 3,000 miles of ocean between them, Britain operated under “salutary neglect.” This meant the colonies effectively governed themselves, passing local laws and collecting their own taxes for local use. Parliament only stepped in to regulate trade.
Speaking of trade, the Colonial economy relied on Mercantilism. Under this system, colonies existed primarily to enrich the mother country. In the Lower Cape Fear Region, colonists milked longleaf pines for resin to produce tar, pitch, and turpentine. These “naval stores” were sent back to England to keep British Naval and Merchant ships afloat. By the time of the American Revolution, North Carolina provided more naval stores to Great Britain than any other colony. Read more about North Carolina’s Naval Store Industry Here.
The region also shipped timber, minerals, and rice to England. In a cycle typical of the time, that timber would be manufactured into fine furniture in England and then sold back to the colonists.
And the colonists happily bought it. Prior to the Revolution, Americans desperately wanted to be en vogue with British fashion. They drank tea, they emulated the culture of the Mother Country, and they built homes in the popular Georgian style.
And this is why the Stamp Act was such a shock. These colonists didn’t see themselves as separate rebels; they dressed, drank, and built like proper British citizens. So, when Parliament suddenly treated them like a piggy bank without a voice, the sense of betrayal in Wilmington was palpable.
The High Price of Victory
For over 150 years, this mix of Salutary Neglect and Mercantilism seemed to be working. With the exception of a few uprisings against local corruption (like Bacon’s Rebellion) rather than British rule itself, the partnership seemed ideal. So what changed?
As more immigrants arrived in America, many wanted to move west into the Ohio River Valley and Appalachia. At the time, this was Indigenous land and French territory. In 1754, a worldwide war began between England, France, and their respective allies. In America, it was known as the French and Indian War; in Europe, the Seven Years’ War.
Interestingly, it was during this war that many future Revolutionary War figures, including George Washington, gained their military experience. It is even believed that Washington may have fired the first shots of the conflict.
The war ended in 1763 as a major victory for the British, who gained Canada and the Ohio River Valley, while Spain took Louisiana. But victories—especially wars on foreign soil—are costly. By the end of the war, England was in serious debt: over 133 million pounds (around 10-14 billion dollars today!).
Parliament needed to get creative with revenue. British citizens in England were already the most heavily taxed in Europe (paying an average of 26 shillings a year), so Parliament looked to the colonies. The logic of Parliament was simple: We fought a war on their soil to secure their lands, so shouldn’t the Americans help pay for it? Furthermore, to protect against the French or Native tribes reclaiming land, Britain kept a standing army in North America—another expense Parliament felt the colonists should cover.
Colonists, however, felt they had contributed by fighting and dying in the war, and they certainly didn’t like the look of a standing British army hanging around during peacetime. Men from the Cape Fear like Hugh Waddell had served in the French and Indian War, why would America pay the price?
The Squeeze Begins
Initially, the British government passed the Sugar Act. This was a tariff on goods, not a direct tax, and most colonists realized they could simply boycott those goods or make do with less.
But the debt remained. In March 1764, the ministry of Lord George Grenville proposed a stamp tax, estimating it would raise 60,000 pounds per year. Grenville knew it would be unpopular, so he feigned a consultation period, asking colonists for “other ideas” to raise revenue. By the time the feedback talks began, however, the Stamp Act was already effectively a done deal.
Voices of Reason (and Irony)
There were dissenters in Parliament who warned this was a mistake. One was Colonel Isaac Barré, who had served in America during the war. He warned that the “Sons of Liberty” in America would oppose the measure. He knew Americans were jealous of their rights as Englishmen and would not submit to a direct tax they had no voice in creating.
Note: The famous organization “The Sons of Liberty” actually took their name from Barré’s speech! It shows that their initial goal was simply to have their rights as Britons restored.
Ironically, another opponent of the Stamp Act was General Lord Cornwallis. Yes, the same Cornwallis who would later wreak havoc on the South and surrender to Washington at Yorktown! While he was devoted to the King, he initially opposed taxing the colonies.
To make matters worse, the tax had to be paid in specie (hard coin). Hard currency was incredibly rare in the Cape Fear region, especially since the Colonies were restricted from printing their own paper money (Currency Act of 1764). It wasn’t just that they didn’t want to pay—many physically couldn’t.
Putting a ‘Stamp’ on the Resistance Movement: Meet Maurice Moore
Upon learning of the Stamp Act, the opposition found a voice in Maurice Moore. A prominent Judge and the son of the founder of the then-bustling port of Brunswick Town, Moore didn’t just get angry; he got to writing.
In the summer of 1765, he published a scathing anti-Stamp Act pamphlet titled ‘The Justice and Policy of Taxing the American Colonies in Great Britain Considered.’
Moore was a savvy attorney and well-read in the law. In the pamphlet, he dismantled the idea of “virtual representation.” He argued that while direct representation in London was impossible for colonists (due to distance), virtual representation was a sham. He rested his arguments on a hundred years of constitutional history, specifically the Charter of 1663. His conclusion? Only the North Carolina government possessed the sovereign authority to tax North Carolinians.
To the modern ear, this sounds like standard patriotism. But in 1765, these words were scandalous. Moore was essentially telling the King and Parliament that they were breaking their own laws.
Neighbors at Odds
This pamphlet didn’t just make waves in London; it caused serious tension right at home.
Royal Governor William Tryon lived just down the road from Moore’s house in Brunswick Town, in a mansion he called Castle Tryon (Russellborough is the original name of the property)
Imagine the tension: Tryon, personally, didn’t actually agree with the Stamp Act. But as the Royal Governor, he was duty-bound to enforce it. The last thing he needed was his respected neighbor and judge rallying the people against the rule of Parliament.
Moore’s pamphlet made Tryon’s job of “smoothing over” public opinion impossible. By the fall, the entire Cape Fear region was in a state of outrage.
The Fallout
Governor Tryon couldn’t let the insubordination slide. In 1766, he suspended Moore from his judicial position for “stoking the rebellion” in the Cape Fear region—the very region offering the stiffest resistance to the Crown.
However, history has a sense of irony. Moore was eventually allowed to return to office. Years later, he would serve as the judge over the trial of the “Regulators” in Hillsborough—colonists who dared to defy Tryon’s authority. (You can read more about the War of the Regulation in our post here).
Fun fact: I am a direct descendant of Roger Moore, a cofounder of Brunswick, and his son, Judge Maurice Moore Jr. The Judge and his brother, James Moore, are my ancestors (cousins many times removed). My uncle, Benjamin Smith (whose mother was a Moore), served actively in the Revolutionary War, acting for a time as aide-de-camp to General Washington. No doubt the patriotic actions of his Moore cousins inspired his own service. (Although Smith and his Moore cousin later fought a duel years after the Revolution over a personal tiff, neither died—but that’s a story for another time!)
Setting the Stage for Rebellion
While the Stamp Act was passed in March 1765, the distance between England and the Colonies meant the law wasn’t set to go into effect until November 1st, 1765. This gave the colonists seven months to prepare, strategize, and build momentum.
In May 1765, Virginia’s Patrick Henry rose before the House of Burgesses to protest the Stamp Act. He delivered his famous warning, proclaiming, ‘Caesar had his Brutus, Charles the First his Cromwell, and George the Third—may profit by their example!’ Members of the House were shocked, shouting ‘Treason! Treason!’ Henry’s legendary reply was, ‘If this be treason, make the most of it!’
Following these events, nine of the colonies (not seven) sent delegates to New York for the Stamp Act Congress. Unfortunately, North Carolina was unable to send representatives because Governor Tryon actively blocked the delegation from meeting (he dissolved the legislature during they time they could have selected candidates for the Congress). Read more about that Congress here
As the deadline loomed, the Cape Fear region got organized. On October 19th, 1765, over 500 men gathered in Wilmington to express their displeasure.
They were in no mood for compromise, burning an effigy of a tax sympathizer in tar barrels. The effigy symbolized anyone who would enforce or support the Stamp Tax. The men shouted toasts to “Liberty, Property, and NO STAMP DUTY! And Confusion to Lord Bute and His Adherents.” (The colonists incorrectly blamed former Prime Minister Lord Bute, when in fact his successor, Lord Grenville, was responsible for the tax.)
Royal Governor William Tryon, who had been ill, struggled to dissuade the rising tensions from his temporary residence in Brunswick Town, but the people of Cape Fear would not be silenced.
The Death and Resurrection of Liberty
On the eve before the Stamp Act was set to begin—All Hallows’ Eve—the Wilmington men staged a solemn, dramatic protest.
A crowd led a funeral procession down Market Street for “Liberty,” complete with a coffin, mourners, and a somber drum beat while the town bell rang a death knell. They had even dug a grave, prepared to bury their rights as Englishmen with the impending tax.
However, as the coffin lid was opened, the leaders announced they found an “ever so faint pulse” still flickering in Liberty! The crowd rejoiced, lifting Liberty in an armchair and celebrating the cheating death of their rights.
This theatrical display gets to the heart of the issue: the protests weren’t just about the tax itself, but the fact it was levied without consent. The colonists understood that if they accepted this one tax, they would effectively be confirming their status as second-class citizens, and what other rights might be stripped next. Read more about the funeral rites here.
The Stamp Master Resigns
While the Stamp Act officially went into effect on November 1st, it took a few weeks for the actual stamped papers to reach the port of Brunswick Town. This created a period of nervous tension, or “purgatory,” as the colonists continued their protests.
On November 16th, the resistance found its first target: Dr. William Houston of Duplin County. Houston arrived in Wilmington for business, completely unaware that he had been appointed the local Stamp Receiver in his absence.
He was suddenly greeted not by colleagues, but by an angry mob. Houston, though not one to flee from duty, wisely chose not to endanger his life for the vile tax. In fear of the crowd, he hastily resigned his new position in front of the courthouse.
His pledge was clear: he would not “execute any Office disagreeable to the People of the province.”
The crowd immediately turned their hatred into shouts of support, hoisting the relieved doctor onto a chair and parading him around the town square. No doubt Dr. Houston was ready for a stiff drink after that series of events!
Silencing the Press
One of the areas the Stamp Act directly affected was newspapers. These were a lifeline for communities, allowing news and popular stories to spread and be reprinted from colony to colony. Even those who were illiterate benefited by hearing the news read aloud in taverns.
To charge a tax on the printing of newspapers was, in effect, suppressing freedom of speech and expression. If printers couldn’t afford to print with the tax, or if readers were barred from purchasing the now-expensive papers, the press was stifled.
Wilmington’s first newspaper, Alexander Steuart’s Gazette, had already ceased publishing due to the cost of the tax. The mob demanded he start printing again. Steuart was stuck between the “presses”: he didn’t want to break the law by printing without the required stamp, but he also didn’t want to become a victim of the furious crowd. He wisely promised to begin printing again.
Tryon’s Failed Persuasion
Two days after Dr. William Houston was forced to resign as Stamp Receiver, Governor Tryon decided to use his cooler powers of persuasion. He invited fifty of the leading men of the Cape Fear region—many of whom ardently opposed the Stamp Act—to join him for a gracious meal at his mansion at Castle Tryon (Russellborough).
Like any seasoned politician, Tryon wined and dined the men with charm and played to their patriotic sentiments. He hoped to convince them to stand down. Tryon even offered to pay a portion of the Stamp Tax from his own pocket—a gesture of goodwill that was more than most governors would offer. While Tryon is not the hero of this story, he reacted fairly, considering he could have taken much harsher extremes against the protests.
*Russellborough was originally built by Captain John Russell began the construction in 1751 on a tract of land next to Brunswick Town. He died before it was completed. Royal Governor Arthur Dobbs then purchased it for a small amount and renamed it Castle Dobbs before Tryon ‘purchased’ (minor sum as a pittance) and renamed it Castle Tryon. It was later burned during the Revolutionary War. The ruins are still visible at Brunswick Town.
Despite all the grace and persistence, Tryon could not convince the men of the Cape Fear to submit. The next day, they returned to thank the Governor for his concern for the colony but respectfully declined to obey the Stamp Act.
In addition to their frustrations about no taxation without representation, the colonists especially objected to the part of the law that called for violators to be tried at admiralty courts in Nova Scotia and without juries of their peers. This was a direct threat to basic English common law rights.
The Armed Stand-off at Brunswick
On November 28th, a crisp fall day on the Cape Fear, the bustling port of Brunswick was greeted with an unwelcome visitor: the ship H.M.S. Diligence, bearing the dreaded stamps.
Since Dr. William Houston had yet to be replaced, there was no official Stamp Master in place. Captain Phipps of the Diligence would have to wait for orders from Tryon.
What ensued was an overlooked but critical moment in American history: the first armed protest of the Stamp Act in the Colonies.
The resistance was organized by Colonel Hugh Waddell, a Son of Liberty who had been watching for the stamp-bearing ship. Upon seeing it enter the mouth of the river, he sent word to Colonel John Ashe of the New Hanover County militia to prepare.
As the Diligence reached Brunswick, armed protesters, risking life and limb, lined the docks and boarded the ship, refusing to allow the stamps into the port city.
Colonel Ashe informed the Captain of the British sloop that any attempt to land the stamps would be resisted with force. Looking at the hundreds of rifles bristling along the riverfront, Phipps knew he was outmatched. The stamps sat aboard the Diligence while Phipps awaited new orders. The militia, meanwhile, seized one of the British ship’s boats, carried it triumphantly back across the river to Wilmington, and held another great party.
A Visit to Brunswick Town Today
Brunswick Town—once a capital city, major port, and Patriot hotbed—was burned by the British during the Revolutionary War and never rebuilt.
If you visit Brunswick Town today, now a state historical park, you can stand beside live oaks that were standing when the Stamp Act Crisis was unfolding. I often wonder what those trees could tell us—what dramatic scenes they witnessed as men like Moore, Tryon, Waddell, and Ashe faced off along the river.
Tryon’s Failed Olive Branch
Tryon, still hoping for an “olive branch” moment, decided to proceed with his formal proclamation ceremony to celebrate his succession as Royal Governor in mid-December 1765. He invited the Mayor, aldermen, and prominent gentlemen of Wilmington to greet him at the Market Street Wharf.
The day was pleasant until Tryon delivered his speech. He stressed the “necessity of America’s helping her mother” and asked the people to receive the stamps. The crowd immediately erupted, hissing at the Governor. The townspeople even seized the boat that Captain Phipps had used to bring Tryon to Wilmington. Tryon, in his defense, had tried his best to cordial was beyond livid by this latest outburst. Though the Mayor quickly apologized for the crowd’s “impropriety of conduct,” the confrontation was far from over.
The Seizure and Stand-off
In January 1766, Governor Tryon ordered the H.M.S. Viper, under the command of Captain Jacob Lobb, to join the Diligence at Brunswick Town. Captain Lobb was not going to be intimidated by “a bunch of colonials.”
The standoff escalated quickly when two merchant ships, the Dobbs from Philadelphia and the Patience from the Caribbean, entered the port. They did not carry the required stamps on their clearance documents—an oversight since they had sailed before the stamps were supplied in their home ports.
Lobb, however, wasn’t ready for excuses. He seized both ships and prepared to send them to the admiralty courts in Nova Scotia for trial—a move that infuriated the Cape Fear citizens as it disrupted business and threatened their fundamental rights.
Cornelius Harnett, Jr., a growing leader in the Sons of Liberty and the borough representative for Wilmington (and a native of Brunswick Town), sent a letter to Tryon at Castle Tryon, seeking “redress” and the release of the two seized ships. Tryon ignored the plea.
When Customs Collector William Dry advised his fellow citizens that Attorney General Robert Jones had ruled the seizures were legitimate, forty citizens sent Dry a letter warning him against releasing the ships’ papers for removal to Nova Scotia. Dry was alarmed but stood by his oath—he would release the papers if ordered.
The Sons of Liberty Take Control
On February 18, 1766, the citizens had enough. Adopting the name the Sons of Liberty, a force of 580 armed men, plus another hundred or so without weapons, mustered under Colonel Hugh Waddell. This was no mere mob; among them were the Wilmington Mayor, town aldermen, and other prominent citizens.
- A detachment was sent to the Customs House, where they broke into Collector William Dry’s desk and seized the impounded ships’ papers.
- The rest of the militia marched to Governor Tryon’s home at Castle Tryon (Russellborough), demanding to speak with Captain Lobb.
The next day, the militia returned. George Moore and Cornelius Harnett presented Tryon with a letter guaranteeing his safety, assuring him they only had a problem with the naval officers enforcing the Stamp Act. They believed Captain Lobb was with Tryon and demanded to see him.
The colonists then sent an armed contingent aboard the H.M.S. Viper to secure the release of the two ships. Captain Lobb, unwilling to fire on such a large force of armed English subjects, complied. The two ships were released.
Fearing the mob might attempt to seize the weapons at Fort Johnston (present-day Southport), Tryon secretly ordered the cannons to be spiked—by hammering iron into the touch hole to render them unfirable.
Fun Fact Foreshadowing: Fort Johnston would later play a pivotal role in the Revolution when it was burned by John Ashe, Cornelius Harnett, and others working to remove the next Royal Governor, Josiah Martin. (Check out a post on the 250th anniversary of the Burning of Fort Johnston here!)
The Final Humiliation
The final showdown happened on February 20th. A delegation, including Harnett and James Moore (your first cousin up the line), met with Captain Lobb aboard the Viper, demanding the release of the sloops.
The pressure mounted until William Dry, Vice Admiralty Judge Thomas McGuire, Captain Lobb, and Captain Phipps met aboard the Diligence. By the end of the day, it was decided to release the ships and keep the port open. The Sons of Liberty had won.
The final piece of drama occurred that night when the new Stamp Officer, William Pennington (who replaced Houston), sought refuge with Tryon after being chased by the angry citizens.
On February 21st, Colonel James Moore and a small group of men went to the Governor’s house to seize Pennington. Tryon tried to stop them, warning that Pennington was under the Crown’s protection, and Moore wisely withdrew. However, around ten o’clock that night, Cornelius Harnett and sixty men arrived and demanded to speak with the Stamp Officer.
Fearing the situation would escalate, Pennington left with Harnett. Tryon immediately removed Pennington from his post, thus providing both Pennington (who could now claim he had no authority to fight the mob) and the colonists (who couldn’t be tried for kidnapping a royal official) an exit.
The Death of the Stamp Act…
By March, the Stamp Act had been repealed, and tensions eased. Tryon eventually made peace with many of the resistance leaders, even fighting alongside James Moore against the Regulators at the Battle of Alamance.
But Governor Tryon never forgot the humiliation of 1765-66. When discussions arose for creating a permanent capital, the highly defensible and prominent port cities of Brunswick and Wilmington were rejected. Instead, Tryon chose the smaller and less navigable New Bern. His decision to build the ornate, tax-payer-funded Tryon Palace in New Bern was no doubt influenced by the rebellious nature of the Cape Fear region. (Look for your post on New Bern and Tryon Palace in January!).
The events in the Cape Fear happened eight years before the Boston Tea Party, yet they go widely overlooked. Your goal to change that is important. North Carolina’s rebellion—to the point of essentially holding a Royal Governor hostage—played a direct role in why the Stamp Act was repealed. Closing North Carolina’s biggest ports hurt trade, and as you rightly point out, in England, money talks.
Planning Your “Stamp Out the Stamp Act” Tour
Ready to walk in the footsteps of men like Cornelius Harnett and the Sons of Liberty, and get to know Governor Tryon’s side of the story? Here are the must-visit spots in the greater Wilmington area to relive the history:
1. Wilmington: Ground Zero for Rebellion
While many of Wilmington’s circa 1765 buildings were lost in a fire in the early 19th century, you can still walk the same streets and revisit the ground where these events occurred. The original city grid, including Market, Front, and Water Streets, remains largely the same.
- Burgwin-Wright House: While the house itself was built in 1770, its foundation dates back to 1744 when it was used as the original city jail. It would have witnessed much of the Stamp Act drama. Fun fact: many Patriots were later held prisoner in the cells underneath the house. I highly recommend taking a tour with Hunter Ingram, who dives into the history of the Stamp Act Crisis and the Revolutionary War. Plan your visit here.
- Market and Front Street: Stand on the streets where history happened, the location of the October 19th, 1765 Wilmington Stamp Act Protest.
- St. James Burying Ground: Pay your respects to Cornelius Harnett, a Stamp Act leader and ardent Patriot. Sadly, Harnett was captured, beaten, and imprisoned by the British during Cornwallis’s 1781 occupation and died shortly after his release.
- The Old Courthouse Site: Stand at the approximate location of the colonial-era courthouse grounds (near the current New Hanover County Courthouse) where the mob surrounded and forced Dr. William Houston to resign as Stamp Receiver in November 1765. This site was central to the Sons of Liberty’s public display of power.
- Cape Fear River: The river was a strategic asset, used to support British mercantilism via naval stores and later becoming a tactical flashpoint during the Stamp Act. Check out a guided history water tour with Wilmington Water Tours to learn how the river’s influence shaped the region.
Need a good meal after a ‘taxing day’ of rallying with the Sons of Liberty? Check out the restaurant Rebellion, which pays homage to both the Stamp Act and the later Whiskey Rebellion of the 1790s!
2. Brunswick Town/Fort Anderson State Park
Set your GPS for this site, which is one of the best-kept secrets for Revolutionary War history. It was the heart of the early Cape Fear settlement and the site of the most aggressive Stamp Act resistance. The Museum is excellent and the staff is extremely knowledgeable and friendly – ready to help you relieve the excitement of 1765-66. Who knows you might even encounter Cornelius Harnett or Governor Tryon?
- The Ruins: Brunswick Town was founded in the 1720s by Maurice Moore, Sr. and , Roger Moore. The town was burned by the British in both 1776 and 1781—a haunting reminder of the war’s severity.
- The Protest Site: Brunswick Town was the site of the first armed protest against the Stamp Act. It saddens me that this fact is often missed on the national stage, including Ken Burns recent documentary The American Revolution (which I enjoyed, but lament he missed the Cape Fear). This act of armed protest was one of the first in the colonies period, and took place eight years before the Boston Tea Party, when Colonels Ashe and Waddell confronted the H.M.S. Diligence. Unlike those who hid their faces in Boston, the Cape Fear men did not – they were defiant and resolved. The site’s museum has a wonderful exhibit detailing the community’s role in the crisis.
- Russellborough (Castle Tryon): Drive to the ruins of Governor Tryon’s residence, where he tried to “wine and dine” the colonists into submission before the militia later surrounded his home. Following Tryon’s move to New Bern’s Tryon Palace, William Dry purchased the home and renamed it Bellfont. It was burned by the British early in the Revolutionary War.
- Orton Pond Area Site: While Orton Plantation is now private, exploring the scenic roads around the Orton Pond Wildlife Area gives you a sense of the vast, wealthy rice and indigo estates (like the original Orton property of Roger Moore) whose powerful owners led the resistance against the tax.
- Plan your visit here.
Fort Johnston in Southport
This fort, though not fully completed in 1765, was the region’s only defense at the mouth of the river.
- The Spiked Cannons: During the Brunswick crisis, Governor Tryon ordered the fort’s cannons to be spiked (disabled) to prevent the angry Sons of Liberty mob from seizing the artillery.
- Maritime Museum: Today, the site includes the NC Maritime Museum at Southport with interpretive exhibits. The views of the Cape Fear River are stunning, and the Live Oaks lining the street would have been standing during the pivotal years of 1765–1776. Plan your visit here.
References:
In researching this post, I want to thank Brunswick Town (Museum) and Burgwin-Wright House staff, Wilmington Walking Tours. Key sources include the work of Jack E. Fryar, Jr.’s books on the Stamp Act as well as other online research sources (North Carolina State Resources, Educational Sources).
Stay tuned for more history about the drama of the Cape Fear River Region during the American Revolution and beyond.
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Hi, I’m Adele Lassiter, the travel enthusiast behind American Nomad Traveler. This is where I share my love for history, cool museums, art, and travel tips. When I’m not writing, I’m a singer-songwriter with a passion for Americana music. You can find my new album here: adelelassiter.bandcamp.com
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